RoadVitals

2019 Mercedes-Benz AMG GLC43

Recalls, owner-reported complaints, investigations and safety data

Data refreshed

Owner complaintsComplaints are reports submitted to NHTSA by owners and drivers. NHTSA does not verify most reports before publishing them, and a complaint does not establish that a defect exists. Volume is influenced by how many of a vehicle were sold, how long it has been on the road, and how much attention an issue has received.
5
Latest Nov 15, 2024
Safety recallsA safety recall is issued when a manufacturer or NHTSA determines that a vehicle has a safety-related defect or does not comply with a federal motor vehicle safety standard. Recall repairs are free. Whether a specific vehicle is covered depends on its VIN — a recall listed for a model year does not necessarily apply to every vehicle of that year.
8
Latest Dec 15, 2023
InvestigationsNHTSA opens an investigation to examine whether a safety defect may exist. An open investigation is not a determination that a defect exists, and many investigations close without a recall. Investigations can, however, lead to one.
1
Crash or fire reportedComplaints whose submitter recorded that a crash or a fire occurred. These are the reporter's own answers on the NHTSA form, not verified findings.
1

Overview

Our database contains 5 NHTSA owner-reported complaints for the 2019 Mercedes-Benz AMG GLC43, most frequently naming the other / unspecified, steering and electrical categories. 8 safety recalls have been issued covering this model year; 1 NHTSA investigation names it; and 203 manufacturer communications are on file.

Complaints are reports submitted by owners and drivers to NHTSA. They are not verified and do not establish that a defect exists.

What owners report

Complaints grouped by the component NHTSA recorded

  • Other / unspecified330.0%
  • Steering330.0%
  • Electrical220.0%
  • Engine110.0%
  • Suspension110.0%

Percentages are of component mentions. A single complaint can name more than one component, so these do not sum to the total complaint count.

Safety recalls

8 campaigns cover this model year

Recalls apply to specific vehicles, not to every vehicle of a model year. Check your VIN with NHTSA or your manufacturer's dealer to confirm whether a recall affects your vehicle.

Check a VIN on NHTSA.gov

STRUCTURE:BODY:ROOF AND PILLARS

Dec 15, 2023
2,976 units potentially affected
The defect: Mercedes-Benz USA, LLC (MBUSA) is recalling certain 2014-2020 C-Class, CLA, GLA, S-Class, GLC, and GLE vehicles. Please refer to MBUSA's recall report for specific vehicle details. The front roof panel located between the windshield and the panoramic sunroof may not have been bonded correctly to the vehicle during a prior repair, allowing the front panel to detach from the vehicle.
The risk: A detached roof panel can become a road hazard, increasing the risk of a crash.
The remedy: Dealers will replace the front panel, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed on August 2, 2024. Owner notification letters will be mailed in phases, on, March 22,2024, and August 2, 2024. Owners may contact MBUSA customer service at 1-800-367-6372. This recall is an expansion of NHTSA recall number 21V-197.
Mercedes-Benz USA, LLCView on NHTSA.gov

COMMUNICATION: AUTO CRASH NOTIFICATION; ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:SOFTWARE

May 20, 2022
242,722 units potentially affected
The defect: Mercedes-Benz USA, LLC (MBUSA) is recalling certain 2017-2022 CLA-Class, GLA-Class, GLE-Class, GLS-Class, SLC-Class, A-Class, AMG GT-Class, C-Class, E-Class, S-Class, SL-Class, GLC-Class, CLS-Class, GLB-Class, and G-Class vehicles. Please refer to MBUSA's recall report for specific vehicle model details. An error in the communication module's SIM card software can cause a mobile network connection failure, disabling the emergency call (eCall) system.
The risk: A disabled eCall system would prevent a vehicle occupant from contacting the emergency services call center in an emergency, potentially delaying emergency responders and increasing the risk of injury.
The remedy: The communication module software will be updated through an Over-the-Air (OTA) update or by a dealer, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed July 8, 2022. Owner notification letters will be mailed in phases, on July 8, 2022, May 17, 2024, July 29, 2024, and September 27, 2024. Owners may contact MBUSA customer service at 1-800-367-6372. MBUSA's numbers are for this recall is 2022060005 and 2023110006.
Mercedes-Benz USA, LLCManufacturer number See Recall ScheduleView on NHTSA.gov

STRUCTURE:BODY:ROOF AND PILLARS

Mar 19, 2021
15,096 units potentially affected
The defect: Mercedes-Benz USA, LLC (MBUSA) is recalling certain 2017-2020 C300 Coupe, C43 Coupe AMG, C43 AMG, 2015-2020 C300, GLA250, 2016-2018 C350e, CLA45 Coupe AMG, 2015 C400, S65 AMG, 2015-2019 C63 AMG, 2016 C450, 2015-2016 GLA45 AMG, S600, 2016-2020 GLC300, 2017-2019 GLC43 AMG, GLE43 Coupe AMG, 2014-2019 CLA250 Coupe, 2014-2015 CLA45 AMG, 2018 GLC63 AMG, 2014-2017 S550, 2018-2020 S450, 2016-2019 GLE63 Coupe AMG, 2016 GLE450 Coupe, 2014-2020 S63 AMG, 2018-2019 S560, and 2019 GLC350e vehicles equipped with a panoramic sunroof. The front roof panel located between the windshield and the panoramic sunroof may not have been bonded correctly to the vehicle during a prior repair.
The risk: The adhesive bonding of the front panel might deteriorate, possibly causing the front panel to detach from the vehicle and become a road hazard, increasing the risk of a crash.
The remedy: Mercedes-Benz dealer will remove the bonded panel and will install a new front panel by following the detailed repair instructions and using the approved primer, cleaner and adhesive, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed on September 3, 2021 and October 26, 2021. Owners may contact MBUSA customer service at 1-800-367-6372.
Mercedes-Benz USA, LLCManufacturer number 2021070010View on NHTSA.gov

Safety investigations

NHTSA inquiries naming this vehicle. An investigation is not a finding of a defect.

PE21001ClosedPreliminary Evaluation

Front Roof Panel Detachment

Opened Jan 8, 2021
Closed Oct 14, 2021

On January 8, 2021, after ongoing review with Mercedes Benz, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Office of Defects Investigation (ODI) opened PE21-001 to assess allegations of front roof panel detachments while driving at highway speeds in certain 2015 Mercedes-Benz (Mercedes) C-Class vehicles.The subject front roof panel is a stationary panel composed of polycarbonate and is attached to the vehicle via adhesive at the time of manufacture. The panel is found on subject vehicles equipped with panoramic sunroofs. Over time, the subject panels may exhibit cosmetic degradation leading to replacement of the panel, a procedure which entails: removal of the old panel and adhesive, site preparation, and installation of a replacement panel with new adhesive.The consumer complaints that prompted the opening of PE21-001 all described detachments of front roof panels that had been replaced after the vehicle was put into service.Mercedes' internal investigation identified a broader scope of affected vehicles (2014-2020 CLA, GLA, C, S, GLC, and GLE class) and found the following potential service procedure- related causes of front roof panel detachments:- Improper surface pretreatments such as the use of the wrong primer or cleaner or scoring of the surface; or - Use of the incorrect adhesive.These conditions lead to a front roof panel bond that, even if sound at the time of repair, cannot maintain its strength over time and environmental exposure.Mercedes updated its service and parts ordering systems to reinforce the proper use of specified kits and procedures via webinars, shop foreman meetings, and explicit reference to the risks incurred by diverging from the repair procedures. Mercedes is also furnishing parts ordering assistance, and will hold dealerships accountable for improper repairs.ODI's analysis of the ten complaints it has received from the public (VOQ's) and MBUSA's complaint data submitted in response to the information request letter for PE21-001 identified a total of 57 non-duplicative reports alleging incidents in which the front roof panel detached from the vehicle while in motion. Included within the 57 reports are incidents where consumers state the panel detached ...and flew off into traffic.On March 19, 2021, Mercedes notified NHTSA that it would recall subject vehicles with front roof panels known to have been replaced after the original sale of the vehicle. In total, the recall (designated as Recall 21V197) covers 15,099 vehicles that were ever registered in the United States. Based on Recall 21V197 and the remedy implemented by Mercedes, further investigation does not appear to be warranted at this time.Accordingly, this investigation is closed.The ODI complaints cited above can be viewed at www.nhtsa.gov under the following ODI identification numbers: 11376425, 11352686, 11351629, 11349158, 11341541, 11337594, 11324100, 11311591, 11222127, 11404183

STRUCTURE:BODY:ROOF AND PILLARSLed to recall 21V197000

Recent owner complaints

Reports submitted to NHTSA, shown in the owner's own words

Other / unspecifiedSteeringSuspension
Filed Nov 15, 2024

I regret buying the car. It has a fatal flaw with a steering defect that makes the front wheels easily skip (crabbing suspension) when turning. These should be recalled. Examples 1. [XXX] 2. [XXX] 3. [XXX] INFORMATION REDACTED PURSUANT TO THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FOIA), 5 U.S.C. 552(B)(6)

NHTSA ID
11625633
Incident
Jan 26, 2024
Other / unspecifiedSteering
Filed Jan 31, 2023

Whenever I turn my wheels at an angle, there’s a juddering and knocking sound. It feels as if the axle will eventually break. This can pose a safety concern.

NHTSA ID
11504807
Incident
Dec 19, 2022
ElectricalOther / unspecifiedSteering
Filed May 30, 2020

A FEW TIMES MY KEY WILL NOT FUNCTION TO START THE CAR. THEY TOLD ME IT WAS THE BATTERY. BUT THE DISPLAY ON MY LCD ALSO OFTEN DOES NOT FUNCTION WHEN ON CAR PLAY. THE STEERING IS JERKED WHEN I TURN THE WHEELS AS THEY SEEM TO GET STUCK ON THE PAVEMENT. OFTEN HAPPENS WHEN I AM BACKING OUT OF A PARKING SPACE AND SOUNDS AS IF I AM HITTING SOMEONE. FEELS LIKE IT TOO

NHTSA ID
11326592
Incident
Nov 10, 2019
Mileage
20 mi
Engine
Filed Jan 20, 2020
Fire reported

2:19 PM ARRIVED POMPANO MERCEDES-BENZ TO PICK UP MY SERVICED VEHICLE ( 10,000 MILE SERVICE). 2:23 PM RETURNED MERCEDES-BENZ LOANER PROVIDED BY DEALERSHIP. 2:30 PM SERVICE ADVISER BRINGS CAR INSIDE THE SERVICE AREA, AND PROVIDES ME A RECEIPT OF THE SERVICE PERFORMED. 2:30 PM I LEAVE THE INSIDE SERVICE AREA AND GO TO DRIVE-THROUGH MC DONALDS (IN THE SAME COMPLEX AS DEALERSHIP). I DID NOT STOP, OR GET OUT OF THE CAR. 2:35 PM I LEAVE THE MC DONALDS DRIVE-THROUGH IN THE SAME COMPLEX AS MERCEDES DEALERSHIP AND ENTER THE I-95 SOUTH TOWARDS HOME/OFFICE.2:35 PM ' 2:58PM DRIVING I95 SOUTH FOR 20 OR SO MINUTES, I CAME TO A STOP IN HEAVY TRAFFIC. UPON STOPPING I NOTICED SMOKE COMING FROM UNDER THE HOOD, AND MOVED TO THE RIGHT SHOULDER. THERE WERE NO UNUSUAL WARNINGS OR READINGS FROM THE CAR. I PULLED THE HOOD LATCH ON THE INSIDE, AND GOT OUT AND APPROACHED THE FRONT OF THE CAR TO PULL THE LEVER AND OPEN THE HOOD. I HEARD A 'POP' IN THE ENGINE, AND SMOKE INTENSIFIED, AND WAS GETTING DARKER, SO I BACKED AWAY FROM THE CAR (MOVING TO THE SIDE OF THE ROAD) AND BEGAN FILMING WITH MY PHONE. 2:59 PM I PHONED 911 FEARING A FIRE. I TOOK A VIDEO OF LIQUID DRIPPING FROM UNDER THE ENGINE, WITH SMOKE GROWING FROM UNDER THE HOOD. 2:59 PM (AGAIN)I PHONED 911 AGAIN BECAUSE THE SMOKE UNDER THE HOOD IS DARKER, AND I TOOK ANOTHER VIDEO WHILE WAITING. AS I WAS CALLING 911, THE CAR BURST INTO FLAMES UNDER THE HOOD, AND INSTANTLY THE FLAMES BECAME HIGHER THAN THE HEIGHT OF THE CAR. 3:00 PM VIDEO OF CAR FIRE INTENSIFYING AS I STEPPED AWAY FROM CAR (WITH 911 ON SPEAKER AS I REPORT IT'S A FULL FIRE AT THIS POINT). 3:02PM (PHONE TIME STAMP) I RAN A SHORT DISTANCE FROM CAR AND CONTINUED TAKING (2) VIDEOS OF THE INCIDENT. FLAMES HAD MOVED FROM THE ENGINE, TO THE INTERIOR IN THIS SHORT TIME. CONTINUED MULTIPLE VIDEOS UNTIL THE FIRE DEPARTMENT ARRIVED 3:13. THE CAR WAS COMPLETELY DESTROYED BY THE FIRE.

NHTSA ID
11300570
Incident
Jan 16, 2020
Mileage
10,008 mi
Electrical
Filed Jan 8, 2019

I PURCHASED A 2019 GLC AMG 43 AS A XMAS GIFT FOR MY WIFE. IT WAS BLACK WITH A VIBRANT BROWN INTERIOR. I WAS CONCERNED THAT THE ELECTRONICS(BACKUP CAMERA, BLUETOOTH, MUSIC, ENTERTAINMENT CONSOLE) WERE NONFUNCTIONAL. HOWEVER, THE EXPLANATION THE SALES REPRESENTATIVE GAVE ME WAS SUFFICIENT AT THE TIME. HE SAID MERCEDES WAS UPDATING THEIR COMPUTER SOFTWARE AND WE SHOULD BE GETTING AN UPDATE ON JANUARY 2, 2019. NEEDLESS TO SAY, IT WAS NOT TRUE! THE SERVICE MANAGER EXPLAINED THAT THIS VEHICLE WAS MISSING THE "BRAIN." THE COMPUTER SYSTEM THAT COMMUNICATES WITH THE ENTIRE VEHICLE WAS NOT IN OUR VEHICLE?YES! WE WERE SOLD A VEHICLE THAT WAS NOT READY FOR PRODUCTION. IT'S UNSAFE, AND RATHER THAN BEING OFFERED ANOTHER COMPARABLE VEHICLE FOR BEING SO NEGLIGENT AND INCONVENIENCING ME AND FAMILY, THE GENERAL MANAGER HAS AVOIDED SPEAKING WITH US ALL TOGETHER. I HAVE BEEN COMMUNICATING WITH MERCEDES USA TO RESOLVE THIS ISSUE. AT ONE POINT OF THE TRANSACTION WE WERE ASKED TO POSSIBLY CONSIDER TAKING THE REFURBISHED VEHICLE BACK AFTER ITS REPAIRS. NONE OF THESE GUYS MAKING THE RECOMMENDATION WOULD TAKE A VEHICLE THAT THEY BOUGHT BRAND NEW AFTER IT HAS HAD MAJOR SAFETY AND ELECTRICAL ISSUES. THIS IS MERCEDES LONG BEACH SICK IDEA OF WORLD CLASS SERVICE! TO ADD SALT TO THE WOUND, IT'S NOW BEEN OVER 3 WEEKS AND WE MUST MAKE A CAR PAYMENT ON A VEHICLE THAT SITS IDLE WAITING FOR MISSING COMPONENTS. UNFORTUNATELY, WE ARE STILL WAITING FOR MERCEDES TO DO THE RIGHT THING. THIS WILL BE THE LAST MERCEDES MY FAMILY AND I WILL PURCHASE

NHTSA ID
11165047
Incident
Jan 2, 2019
Mileage
247 mi

Manufacturer communications

A bulletin sent by a manufacturer to its dealers. Not a recall, and repairs are not necessarily free.

EW - DMTL

FUEL/PROPULSION SYSTEM

This NCU replaces the prior NCU issued on May 15, 2025, and contains additional MY 2023 and MY 2024 vehicles which are highlighted below. In our continuing efforts to ensure the proper performance of Mercedes-Benz products and to enhance the satisfaction of our customers, Mercedes-Benz USA, LLC (“MBUSA”) is extending the warranty coverage on the Diagnostic Module for Tank Leakage detection (DMTL) in certain Model Year (“MY”) vehicles listed below from the original New Vehicle Limited Warranty of 4 years/50,000 miles to 10 years/120,000 miles (vehicles certified as LEV II) and 15 years/150,000 miles (vehicles certified as LEV III), whichever occurs first, for the following condition: •Under certain circumstances, the DMTL may trigger erroneous Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) entries that may result in the illumination of the Check Engine Malfunction Indicator Lamp (‘MIL’).

Emissions - 2024100016

ENGINE

Mercedes-Benz AG (“MBAG”), the manufacturer of Mercedes-Benz, has determined that on certain MY 2019-2021 C-Class, G-Class, GLC, GT, S-Class (205, 463, 253, 190 & 222 platforms) vehicles, the engine control unit software does not correspond to current production specifications. It is therefore possible that on-board diagnostics and/or exhaust gas emissions requirements may not be fulfilled.

LI40.10-P-059248

STRUCTURE:BODY; WHEELS

Complaint Crackling and cracking noise from the outer wheel on the front axle when cornering Cause The noise is generated by a micromovement on the contact surface between the rim and the brake disk (wheel bolt group) and may be intensified by potential soiling. The more lightweight rim (AMG forged rim) transmits the noise louder; in the case of cast rims, the noise is generally not perceptible. This is not a technical defect, but rather a complaint concerning comfort. Safe operation of the vehicle is ensured at all times. Remedy Important note: The operations described below do not represent a permanent remedy in every case. The noise may reoccur again after an indefinite period of time; sanding the rims with abrasive media multiple times is not permissible. Only cleaning using the Hazet tool 4960-160 (recommendation) can be performed without any concerns each time the wheel is changed or if the complaint reoccurs. Replacing the parts (rim, wheel bolts, wheel bearings, wheel hub, brake disk) is not expedient in the event of this complaint. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Clean the components of the wheel bolt connection according to the WIS instructions Sand down the rim and brake disk bowl by performing the following steps: • Manually sand rim (old design only) in area of water drain bores (Figure 1; item A), approx. 1.5 cm left and right of water drain bore (Figure 2) Note: Use abrasive paper with grit size 80. The grooving in this area should no longer be visible (sand down approx. 0.1-0.2mm) • Also sand brake disk bowl using emery cloth or abrasive paper with a grain size of 120 • For vehicles equipped with the AMG ceramic brake system (B07), abrasive paper may not be used for cleaning on the brake disk side Note: Do not use any cleaning agent when cleaning on the rim side. Cleaning using abrasive paper with a grain size of 80 will suffice. Do not apply any grease, lubricant or paste after cleaning The brake disk bowl should be "bare metal" in the area of the imprints made by the hole (Figure 3)

LI35.30-P-058566

POWER TRAIN

Single throttle lift-off clunking noise from the side shaft when moving off (audible at the outboard end). The noise is heard once in each instance when changing direction of travel. Note: Sound file in attachment Cause If the complaint is eliminated by experimentally loosening the outboard collar nut (by 1 turn), the problem is due to cracking of the microweld between the wheel bearing inner race and the joint housing of the side shaft. Note: The collar nut must always be replaced after being loosened. See also LI33.20-P-078406 Remedy Coat contact surface of side shaft with wheel bearing with Molykote paint. To do this, proceed as follows: 1. Remove side shafts 2. Clean contact surface A (see image file in attachment "Outer joint housing before") before coating with Molykote, using "spirit" (free of dust and grease) 3. Coat contact surface A (see image file in attachment "Outer joint housing after") with Molykote and leave to dry for "one hour" in removed condition 4. Reinstall side shafts Note: Before using the antifriction coating (Molykote), stir it or shake it thoroughly for (at least 1 minute).

LI33.20-P-078406

SUSPENSION

Complaint Creaking noise, in irregular sequence when driving slowly in combination with slight steering movements and/or Creaking/crackling noises from the area of the wheel bearing on the front axle when cornering/ maneuvering. Sound file attached for comparison. MUST match noise for proper diagnosis. NOTE: Steering functionality is not affected. Cause Contact area between wheel bearing and steering knuckle. See also: LI35.30-P-058566 (Throttle Lift-Off Noise - Rear) LI33.30-P-056665 (Throttle Lift-Off Noise - Front) LI40.10-P-059248 (Wheel cracking noise when cornering) Remedy 1. Perform Operation A and evaluate by testing vehicle. 2. If noise is still present after re-testing: • If 192/232 chassis, verify FIN is in the listed range below in "Operation B" and perform. • If not 192/232 chassis or vehicle is a 192/232 not in the listed FIN range, additional verifications of where the noise is coming from are needed. Use multiple channel NVH method to narrow down location. Verify the LI's listed above were completed or if there are other similar noises associated with the chassis (Example: 192/232 also has under panel noises and an associated LI). Operation A: 1. Clean contact surfaces of wheel bearing and steering knuckle with brake cleaner as seen in the attached pictures. NOTE: The front area of the wheel bearing and the seals must not come into contact with the cleaner, otherwise, the sealing rings will be damaged. 2. Clean threads of wheel bearing mounting. 3. Thinly coat contact surfaces of wheel bearing, steering knuckle, and axle mating face with Molykote (annular joint grease). See the attached steering knuckle and wheel hub pictures for reference. NOTE: Axle mating face greasing is also covered in LI35.30-P-058566 and LI33.30-P-056665. Operation B (Only applies to 192 and 232 in listed FIN range): Only affects vehicles up to FIN end number: • Model series 192: xxx xxx xx 002 876 • Model series 232: xxx xxx xx 022 312 1. Replace steering knuckle. 2. Wheel bearings do not need to be replaced.

LI33.20-P-078406

SUSPENSION

Complaint Creaking noise, in irregular sequence when driving slowly in combination with slight steering movements and/or Creaking/crackling noises from the area of the wheel bearing on the front axle when cornering/ maneuvering. Sound file attached for comparison. MUST match noise for proper diagnosis. NOTE: Steering functionality is not affected. Cause Contact area between wheel bearing and steering knuckle. See also: LI35.30-P-058566 (Throttle Lift-Off Noise - Rear) LI33.30-P-056665 (Throttle Lift-Off Noise - Front) LI40.10-P-059248 (Wheel cracking noise when cornering) Remedy 1. Perform Operation A and evaluate by testing vehicle. 2. If noise is still present after re-testing: • If 192/232 chassis, verify FIN is in the listed range below in "Operation B" and perform. • If not 192/232 chassis or vehicle is a 192/232 not in the listed FIN range, additional verifications of where the noise is coming from are needed. Use multiple channel NVH method to narrow down location. Verify the LI's listed above were completed or if there are other similar noises associated with the chassis (Example: 192/232 also has under panel noises and an associated LI). Operation A: 1. Clean contact surfaces of wheel bearing and steering knuckle with brake cleaner (see areas marked blue in pictures "2.jpg" and "3.jpg"). NOTE: The front area of the wheel bearing and the seals must not come into contact with the cleaner, otherwise, the sealing rings will be damaged. 2. Clean threads of wheel bearing mounting. 3. Thinly coat contact surfaces of wheel bearing, steering knuckle, and axle mating face with Molykote (annular joint grease) (see areas marked blue in pictures "2.jpg" and "3.jpg"). NOTE: Axle mating face greasing is also covered in LI35.30-P-058566 and LI33.30-P-056665. Operation B (Only applies to 192 and 232 in listed FIN range): Only affects vehicles up to FIN end number: • Model series 192: xxx xxx xx 002 876 • Model series 232: xxx xxx xx 022 312 1. Replace steering knuckle. 2. Wheel bearings do not need to be replaced.

Manufacturers file copies of the bulletins they send to dealers with NHTSA. These often describe diagnostic or repair procedures for a known condition. They are not recalls: repairs described in a bulletin are usually only free if the vehicle is still under warranty or the manufacturer has extended coverage.

Compare model years

Complaint and recall counts across every year of this model

Mercedes-Benz AMG GLC43 by model year
YearComplaintsRecallsInvestigationsIssue Index
2026010
2025110
2024210
2023020
2022320
2021670
2020570
2019Viewing581
20186102
2017492
2016011

Higher-selling and older vehicles accumulate more reports. Counts are not failure rates and are not directly comparable between vehicles that sold in very different numbers. Older model years have had longer for reports to accumulate.